One-pot three-component synthesis of new triazolopyrimidine derivatives bearing indole moiety as antiproliferative agents

A new series of triazolopyrimidine derivatives was produced via three-component reactions of suitable aromatic orheteroaromatic carboxaldehyde, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, and 3-indolyl-3-oxopropanenitrile in triethylamine as a catalyst.The new compounds have been interpreted using elemental analysis, infrared, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magneticresonance spectroscopy. Antiproliferative effects of the new compounds have been screened on four human cancer types andone human noncancerous type (retinal pigment ephitilial-1) via the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-DiphenyltetrazoliumBromide assay. Compounds 4a and 4h have moderate activity against the human colon cancer; most of the compoundswere active toward human lung cancer; compounds 4i, 4h, and 4g were highly active on hormone-dependent human breastcancer, while compounds 4c, 4b, 4h, and 4e were the most active on the hormone-independent human breast. The resultsof this study offer a source for further investigation of selected triazolopyrimidine derivatives as antiproliferative agents.

Prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and its relationship with disease activity

Background: rheumatoid arthritis [RA] is a lifelong disease with a progressive disabling course and individuals with RA experience higher levels of psychological distress than general population

Objective: The objective of the present study was to assess the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder [GAD] in RA patients and determine its relationship with disease activity

Patients and Methods: The study included 200 RA cases. Psychiatry examinations of all cases were performed according to Hamilton scale. Patients who suspected to have GAD were further assessed by the most recent diagnostic criteria for GAD in diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders fifth edition [DSM-5] and psychiatry assessment sheet [PAS]

Results: The prevalence of GAD in RA cases was 38.5% [n=77] assessed by psychiatry assessment sheet [PAS]. RA patients with GAD significantly showed higher disease activity measures than those without GAD [P value <0.001]. It was found that GAD did not related to disease duration [r=0.617; p value >0.05] or RF positivity [r=0.058; p value >0.05]

Conclusion: Generalized anxiety disorder [GAD] is common to occur in RA cases. Disease activity was significantly higher in RA cases with GAD than RA cases without GAD. GAD was found to be not related to disease duration

In-vitro evaluation of antihelminthic activity of Allium sativum against adult Cotylophoron cotylophorum [Paramphistomidae]

Plant-based anti-helminthics have been reported for their safety and eco-friendly properties. They are used as alternatives for toxic chemical drugs. Allium sativum [garlic] has shown antihelminthic action in vitro and in vivo against many helminthes. The present study was designed to evaluate the in vitro antihelminthic activity of A. sativum in comparison with two commonly used antihelminthic drugs; albendazole and niclosamide against the cattle amphistome, Cotylophoron cotylophorum. Live adult C. cotylophorum worms were collected from the rumen and reticulum of slaughtered cattle. Twelve media [natural calf serum, RPMI 1640 in ten formulas and normal saline] were evaluated to choose the most favorable one for incubation of worms during the study. Different concentrations of albendazole, niclosamide and alcoholic extract of A. sativum were tested in vitro against C. cotylophorum. Treated worms were examined after 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours and the mortality rate was calculated in all experiments. The effect of the sub-lethal concentrations of albendazole and A. sativum on the tegument of the worm was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy [SEM]. Albendazole was highly effective against adult C. cotylophorum, where it exhibited dose-dependent lethal activity at different concentrations. Niclosamide was less effective, with high mortality rates recorded at relatively higher concentrations than albendazole. SEM revealed remarkable changes in the tegument and muscles of adult C. cotylophorum treated with a sub-lethal concentration of albendazole [1.5 mg/L] for eight hours. The whole tegument was deformed and papillae were hardly seen as swollen bodies. Numerous blebs and crater-like structures covered the whole tegument. A. sativum alcoholic extract gave high mortality rate at a relatively low concentration. SEM of adult worms treated with a sub-lethal concentration of A. sativum alcoholic extract [1.0 mg/L] revealed moderate changes in the tegument and a more severe effect on the muscle integrity. The mouth appeared flaccid and slightly retracted and the tegument surrounding it appeared feebly damaged and corrugated. The papillae lost their uniform structure. The acetabulum appeared retracted and lost its specific shape. The present study revealed that A. sativum alcoholic extract has an antihelminthic effect against adult C. cotylophorum at low concentrations. Garlic-based antihelminthic product may be used against rumen cattle amphistomes as an alternative for the commonly used chemical drugs

Effect of pulmonary rehabilitation program on patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD] is a long-term lung disease that reduces airflow in and out of the lungs making it difficult to breathe, it is a leading cause of disability and death in the world. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of rehabilitation program on patient with COPD. This study was conducted at chest dispensaries within Cairo governorate which comprised 11 chest dispensaries, six of them were chosen for the implementation of rehabilitation program according to high attendance rate. A purposive sample of 60 patients with COPD were included 33 patients as experimental group and 27 patients for control group. For data collection four tools were used:l] an interviewing Questionnaire, 2] Observation checklists to assess the patient's performance, 3] Patients' Medical Record, and 4] Physical Examination Sheet. Results of this study elaborated that the majority of patients with COPD who attending rehabilitation program session more knowledgeable about self care measures, the study also showed remarkable improvement in patient's performance regarding use of inhaler, deep breathing, pursed lips breathing, coughing techniques and use of spirometer. The study recommended that, pulmonary rehabilitation should be made available to all appropriate patients with COPD, raising awareness of COPD among the general public and health professionals and Concentrate on primary prevention of COPD as reduce the prevalence of tobacco smoking in the general population and more specifically in young people

Biopharmaceutical applications of nanogold

The application of nanogold in biopharmaceutical field is reviewed in this work. The properties of nanogold including nanogold surface Plasmon absorption and nanogold surface Plasmon light scattering are illustrated. The physical, chemical, biosynthesis methods of nanogold preparation are presented. Catalytic properties as well as biomedical application are highlighted as one of the most important applications of nanogold. Biosensing, and diagnostic and therapeutic applications of gold nanoparticles are evaluated. Moreover, gold nanoparticles in drugs, biomolecules and proteins' delivery are analyzed. Gold nanoparticles for the site-directed photothermal applications are reviewed as the most fruitful research area in the future

Synthesis and docking study of some pyrazolo [3, 4-d] pyrimidin -4 [5H]-one derivatives as phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors

Twelve new pyrazolo [3, 4-d] pyriniidin-4-[5H]-one derivatives 13a-g, 14-17 and 24 were synthesized as inhibitors of phosphodiesterase enzyme type 5 [PDE5]. All intermediates and final compounds were analyzed by IR, H-NMR, mass spectra and elemental analysis. The title compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activity toward PDE5 in comparison with sildenafil using anaesthetized normotensive rabbits. Eleven of the final compounds 13 a-g, 14, 16 and 24 were subjected to biological screening using animal model and nine of these compounds were subjected to molecular modeling study in order to investigate their binding mode. Most of the explored tested compounds showed the same binding mechanism as vardenafil and some of these compounds showed promising activity in comparison to sildenafil in the pharmacological studies. The results indicated that compound 24 is the most active member of the investigated series

Operative results of closed tibial plateau fractures

Management of tibial plateau fractures remains challenging because of their number, variety and associated soft tissue injuries that further augment their complexity. Comparison of operative results in recent reports has been difficult due to a lack of standard fracture classification scheme and uniform standardized objective criteria for evaluating results. Between August 2003 to December 2004, 27 closed tibial plateau fractures were treated operatively using methods and principles advocated by AO/ASIF and followed up for an average of 35.74 months [range 24-68 months]. Fractures were classified according to Schatzker's staging system and results evaluated using Rasmussen's 30-point clinical grading system and Rasmussen's radiological evaluation of the knee at a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Type II was the most common fracture type [12 cases] followed by type 1[8 cases]. There were 37% excellent and 51.85% good functional results with only 3 patients having unacceptable results. The mean Rasmussen's functional score was 25.062 [range 15-30]. Minimal fixation in comminuted or depressed fractures as compared to rigid fixation was the cause of unacceptable results. Loss of knee range of motion in a few cases was attributed to delayed knee mobilization in these cases. Using Rasmussen's radiological grading, 2 patients had excellent results and 8 1.48% patients had good results. Only 3 patients had poor radiological results. The mean rasmussen's radiological score was 15.33 [range 10-18]. Moreover, clinical evaluation did not correlate with the follow-up radiograph. Anatomic reduction and rigid internal fixation followed by early knee motion and partial weight bearing during bone healing are the cornerstones in the treatment of tibial plateau fractures. Standard fracture classification, uniform reporting and evaluating criteria, along with detailed analysis of uniform treatment methods, has helped us to enhance our understanding of these fractures

Treatment of unstable distal radial fracture using locked plate

Fractures of the distal part of the radius are common. The treatment of these fractures can be challenging. The aim of treatment is to gain anatomical reduction and early mobilization. Twenty-five patients underwent openreduction and internal fixation ofan madequately reduced distal radial fracture with use of the volar locking plating system. Patients were enrolled in the present study three months after the fracture on the basis of strict entry criteria and were evaluated three, six and twelve months after surgery. Outcome measures included radiographic parameters, grip strength, lateral pinch strength, wrist range of motion, and the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire. The mean age at the time of the study was 49 years. According to the A.O classification there were 11 patients [type A fracture], 8 patients [type B fracture] and 6 patients [type C fracture]. Radiographic assessment showed that the plating system maintained anatomic reduction at the follow-up periods, at the time of the twelve-month follow-up. The volar locking plating system appears to provide effective fixation when used for the treatment of initially inadequately reduced distal radial fractures and allow early mobilization

Improved quality control protocol for fowl pox virus vaccines based on the use of PCR and sequence analysis to detect REV and ALV as contaminants

In the present study, twenty one Fowl pox virus [FPV] vaccines were collected in the period between 2003-2005 and tested using the currently used and an improved quality control protocols. Results of currently used quality control protocol revealed negativity of all tested vaccines for the presence of contaminants and the results were satisfactory. Using PCR to detect Reticuloendotheliosis virus [REV] as contaminant in such vaccines revealed negative result except one suspected contaminated vaccine. Inoculation of this vaccine in egg, chicken embryo fibroblasts [CEFs], Specific pathogen free [SPF] chicks for three passages and testing of samples collected from inoculated host revealed positive amplification using REV specific primers. Sequence analysis of the obtained amplification fragment for REV revealed its negativity and confirmed the non specific amplification of such primers which were previously published in several PCR studies for REV. Using avian leucosis virus [ALV] sets of primers to detect groups A, B, C, D and J in a PCR reaction revealed positive amplification of ALV fragment and confirming the contamination of tested vaccine with ALV. The study proposes the importance of using PCR followed by sequence analysis of the amplified product to confirm the contaminations fonnd in the FPV vaccines

Ultrastructure of normal and JHA-treated eggs of the soft tick argas persicus [oken]

The ultrastructure of normal development and JHA-treated egg was examined with the transmission electron microscope. In newly oviposited egg, the chorion consists of exo- and endochorion. Between the chorion and plasma membrane lies vitelline [envelope] membrane, a thin non cellular membrane. The periplasm is free of the yolk spheres with contains vesicles of various sizes and lipid inclusions, The endoplasm is rich in yolk spheres, mitochondria, lipid inclusions, dense vesicles and vacuoles. In 48 h-old egg, cleavage nuclei was seen migrating to the periphery of the egg. The ooplasm around the nuclei contains vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum and few mitochondria. The blastoderm cells contain many organelles and inclusions. Secondary vitellophages and pole cells were observed. In 96 h-old egg, the germ band is formed. It consists of two layers, ectoderm and mesoderm. Amnion and serosa were visible. At [0-1 hour] eggs post-treatment with JHA [Admiral], no real effects was observed except for vacuolation of endoplasm; while at 48 h and 96 h-old post-treatment of eggs, great deterioration were seen which ended by degeneration and lysis of cell components leaving cell debris, vacuolation of nuclei, iregular shape of nuclear membrane and dispersed chromatin material

Acute limb ischemia: delayed presentation and outcome

Acute limb ischemia still represents an important dangerous situation in vascular surgery. Delayed presentation of acute ischemia usually leads to catastrophic outcome. Late ischemia represented 20.4% of all cases of acute limb ischemia admitted to our hospital during one year period. We were aiming to evaluate such cases with acute prolonged limb ischemia identifying causes of delayed presentation and its imprint on patients limb and life. Forty-five patients [45 limbs] were included in this study. There were 25 females and 20 males with ages ranged between 20 and 85 years [mean; 58 years]. The lower limbs were affected in 91.1% of cases while the upper limbs were involved in 8.9%. Sixty percent of cases had embolic ischemia while 40% suffered from thrombotic ischemia. The average ischemic interval was 6.8 days. Methods of treatment included medical and/or surgical intervention. Doctors of other specialties were responsible for delayed presentation in 62.2% of cases because of wrong diagnosis or treatment. Patients themselves were blamed in 31.1% of cases due to ignorance or low socioeconomic level. Long distance from the nearest specialty hospital was the cause of delay in 6.7% cases. Overall, a good outcome was recorded in 11.1% patients. Major amputation was ultimately required in 71.1% patients. Death occurred in 4.5% patients. Treatment of acute prolonged limb ischemia is difficult and results in high morbidity. Proper management of acute limb ischemia requires educational programs for genior doctors, patients and community to realize its causes, manifestations, methods of diagnosis, and importance of time factor and its imprint on patient's limb and life

Enoxaparin versus heparin for the prophylaxis of post-operative deep vein thrombosis in general surgery

Patients undergoing surgery with a prolonged general anesthesia or a period of a limited postoperative mobility, or both, face a high risk of thromboembolism. Surgical procedure is considered as the third most common risk factor for thromb oembolism after old age and obesity. To asses the value of enoxaparin in the prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism and the possible complications in comparison to heparin in high risk patients undergoing general surgery. In the period between March 2003 and May 2005, 200 patients admitted for different surgical procedures were randomized into 2 equal groups: [1] Group A where unfractionated heparin was used as a prophylactic anticoagulant drug, and [2] Group B where enoxaparin was utilized. Patients were obese with one or more risk factors for deep vein thrombosis. Clinical and laboratory assessment in addition to venous duplex scanning of the lower limbs were performed. The ages of the patients ranged from 40 to 82 years with a mean of 61 years. A mean preoperative hospitalization period of 6.1 days and a mean operative duration of 95 minutes was recorded. Postoperative deep venous thrombosis [DVT] occurred in 10 [5%] patients, 8 of them were asymptomatic [4 in each group] and diagnosed by duplex ultrasound. The 2 remaining patients had symptomatic DVT, both were in group A. Bleeding complications occurred in 30% and 16% patients of group A and group B, respectively. Low molecular weight heparin [enoxaparin] is more effective and safer than unfractionated heparin, but with higher costs in the prophylaxis of postoperative deep venous thrombosis

Synthesis of new 4[3H]-quinazolinone derivatives of potential antimicrobial activity

A new series of quinazoline-4[3H]-one derivatives containing hydrazone, thiosemicarbazide, pyrazole moiety and 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]quinazolin-5-[4H]-one derivatives, were prepared in order to study the effect of such combinations on the expected antimicrobial activity. Synthesis of target compounds [3-8] has been achieved through an interaction of the starting 2a or 2b with different alkyl or aryl isothiocyanate. Condensation of 2a or 2b with various aromatic aldehydes or ketones afforded the corresponding hydrazones 9-12. 1- [4-Pyridinyl]-l,2-dihydro-4-phenyl [allyl]-l, 2,4-triazolo [4t 3-a] quinazolin-5- [4H]-one derivatives 13, 14 have been synthesized through reflux of compound 9 or 10 in glacial acetic acid. On the other hand, 1-[3-substituted-3,4-dihydro-4-quinazolinon-2-yl]-3-[4-chlorophenyl] pyrazole-4-car-baldehyde 15 or 16 has also been synthesized through interaction of compounds 11 or 12 with Vilsmeier-Haack reagent. The structures of the new compounds were assigned by spectral and elemental methods of analysis. The synthesized compounds were tested for their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities. The tested compounds showed moderate antibacterial activity and weak or no antifungal activity

Effect of some slimming drugs on haematological and some vital signs of albino rats

Some of slimming drugs had been withdrawn from markets so, the present study was conducted to follow the effect of three different anorexic drugs; on the haematological and physical parameters of adults albino rats. The used drugs differ in their nature, where the first one i.e., apple-lite is a fully natural substance, the 2[nd] one i.e., mirapront-N. is a chemical substance and the 3[rd] one i.e., tenuate is a synthetic foamy filler substance. Fourty adult male albino rats [130 +/- 20g] were randomly divided into four groups, ten on each treated group and ten for the first group which conserved as control group. The 2[nd] group was treated daily with apple-lite [3.5 mg/ 100 g.b.wt], the 3[rd] group was treated daily with mirapro-N [0.14mg/100g.b.wt] and the 4[th] group was treated daily with tenuate [0.1 mg/100g.b.wt]. Haematological parameters [RBCs, WBCs count, haemoglobin content [Hb], hematocrit value [Hct%], mean cell volume [MCV], mean cell heamoglobin [MCH] and mean cell heamoglobin concentration [MCHC] were detected after 30 days of treatment and also after 15 days of the last treatment as a recovery period. Also, body weight, percent of organs weight/body weight, skin-fold thickness and some vital measurements i.e. heart beats, respiratory rate and rectal temperature were recorded after the same periods of treatment and recovery. Haematological studies revealed that RBCs count, total WBCs count, Hb and Hct values were significantly decreased in the three groups treated daily with anorexic drugs for 30 days. These changes aere also recorded after the recovery period except in apple-lite treated group which showed insignificant change in RBCs and Hb after the recovery period. The calculated mean cell haemoglobin concentration [MCHC] recorded significant increase in apple-lite after treated and recovery periods, while non significant changes in MCHC were observed after mirapront-N and tenuate groups after treatment 30 days for 30 days but significant increase of MCHC was recorded after the recovery period of tenuate treated group. Skin-fold thickness of the three regions tested [gluteal, back and belly] revealed significant decrease in all the treated groups except the belly region in apple-lite treated group which showed insignificant decrease after treatment for 30 days. Significant decrease of skin-fold thickness of different regions still present after the recovery period of 15 days in the three treated groups except the back region of mirapro-N and the belly region of apple-lite- treated rats which showed insignificant decrease. Percent of organs weight/body weight were affected according the type of tested drug, while apple-lite- caused non significant changes, mirapront-N caused significant increase in hepatosomatic ratio and cardiosomatic ratio, and significant decrease in gonadosomatic ratio. On the other hand, tenuate resulted in a significant increase in percentage weight of kidneys and hepatosomatic ratio and significant decrease of gonadosomatic ratio after treatment for 30 days. After the recovery period, apple-lite revealed significant decrease in brain/b.wt. ratio, while mirapront-N still affected kidneys, gonadosomatic ratio and brain and tenuate still affected gonadosomatic ratio and brain; they recorded significant decrease. The physical measurement of vital signs, i.e. heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature recorded insignificant change after treatment with apple-lite, mirapro-N and tenuate for 30 days, but significant increase of rectal temperature was recorded in the tenuate group of the treated rats. After recovery period insignificant changes in heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature of the treated rats were observed in the three treated groups

Synthesis and quantitative structure activity relationship [QSAR] study of new 3-allyl-5-substituted-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-l,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thiones of a potential antimicrobial activity

Fifteen new 3-allyl-5-substituted-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-l,3,5-thia diazine-2-thiones were synthesized by the reaction of allylamine with carbon disulfide and potassium hydroxide, followed by formaldehyde and appropriate primary amine such as alkyl, aralkylamines, glycine, L-alanine or ethyl glycine ester. The title compounds were tested, in vitro, for antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria [Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus leuteus], Gram-negative bacteria [Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa], and some fungi [Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Geotrichum candidum, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis and Tricho-phyton rubrum], using agar disc method. Quantitative structure activity relationship study was performed using the log form of MIC against Scopulariopsis brevicaulis fungi and some physico-chemical descriptors [MR, L, and Fr] of substituents at N-5 position. The log MIC were found to be negatively linearly correlated with MR and L and positively linearly correlated with Fr

Different surgical options in treatment of cancer cardia and lower third esophageal cancer

To study different techniques in resection of carcinoma of lower esophagus and cardia with regards to techniques, complications, morbidity, mortality, and survival. from Feb. 2005 to Aug. 2006, this study included 33 patients with operable carcinoma of the lower esophagus or cardia as evident by clinical and investigatory tools including endoscopy and biopsy, patients were classified into: Type I [cancer of distal esophagus,] included 10 cases, were treated by total esophagectomy in 5 cases, or distal subtotal esophagectomy in 5 cases. Type III [cancer of the subcardial area infitrating the esophagus gastric junction] included 8 cases, were treated by total gastrectomy in 4 cases, and proximal gastrectomy in 4 cases. Type 11 [cancer of the gastric cardia] included 15 cases, were treated by the 5 types of operation as guided by the extent of the tumor and the proximity to either stomach or esophagus. The extent of lymphadenectomy was dependent on tumor type, node size, and gross involvement, approach, and general condition of the patient. Curative resection [RU] was performed in 25 patients [75.8%], 7 cases of type I, 11 cases of type II, and 7 cases with type III tumors, while incomplete resection [RI+R2,] was done in 8 cases [24.2%,], 5 cases of transhiatal esophagectomy in type land II tumors, and 3 cases of proximal gastrectomy with less than D2 resection. Tumor free resection margins were achieved in 29 patients [88%,], node metastasis were found in 24 cases [72.2,], 6 cases of type I, 12 cases of type II, and 6 cases of type Ill tumors. Two cases with type I tumor had >50% positive mediastinal nodes, and 2 cases with type III tumor had >50% positive abdominal nodes. Significant complications occurred in 9 cases [27.3%], as anastamotic leak in 3 cases were managed conservatively, respirator]' complications in 2 cases [6.1%], and wound infection in 4 cases [12.1%]. Mean hospital stay was comparable with no statistically sigi4ficant difference [15.8, 15.2, and 14.8 days for type I, II, and III respectively,]. There was no significant difference in morbidity, mortality, and disease free survival [DFS,] between cases of subtotal or total esophagectomy [transhiatal or 3 field approach] with P values 0.1, 0.95, 0.91 respectively. Similarly there was no significant dfference between patients with type I and II who underwent proximal or total gastrectomy [P=0. 6]. There was a better survival for patients with stage I and II compared to stage III and IV [P=0. 00]], for well and moderately differentiated grade I and II tumors than poorly and undifferentiated tumors grade III and IV [P =0. 008], for negative nodes compared to those with positive nodes [P=0. 03], while involvement of more than 50% of abdominal lymph nodes had a reverse action on the survival [P =0. 001]. Type of the tumor had no influence on the survival [P=0.5], while the stage, node involvement, and operation were statistically significant. So efforts should be directed towards earlier diagnosis, better selection, and minimizing post operative complications, and R0 resection should be attempted

Recurrent osteochondroma of the phalanges of the hand: review of literature and a case report

Osteochondroma is a benign developmental growth defect usually found in the metaphyseal area of long bones. It rarely affects small bones of the hands and feet. We report a case of a seventeen-year-old female patient presenting by recurrent solitary Osteochondroma that was located at the distal end of the proximal phalanx of the thumb away from the growth plate

Surgical treatment of complete acromioclavicular joint dislocation

Traumatic disruption of the acromioclavicular [AC] joint is associated with pain and instability after the injury. In this study we managed 22 patients with complete acute AC joint dislocation by open reduction and internal fixation of the AC joint using a malleolar screw passed from the clavicle to the coracoid process of the scapula augmented by cerclage wire. According to Rockwood and Masten classification[1], 13 patients [59.1%] had type III lesion, 7 patients [31.8%] had type IV lesion and two patients [9.1%] had type V lesion. Sixteen patients [72.7%] had excellent results, 5 patients [22.7%] had good results and one patient [4.5%] had poor result. Results were assessed postoperatively using the system of Constant and Murley[2]. We concluded that open reduction and internal fixation of the AC joint injury type III, IV, V has many advantages as it allows good function of the shoulder joint

Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of antimony after multiple intramuscular administration in the hamster

The fate of pentavalent antimony [Sb v] in different tissues in the body after intramuscular administration is of great interest for the future study of Sb v therapy in different sitting. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of antimony [Sb v] were studied in the hamster after daily dose of sodium stibogluconate equivalent to 120 mg kg -1 of Sb v, administered intramuscularly for two weeks. Liver, spleen, heart, kidney and skin tissues were isolated after blood collection at the specified time. Antimony was measured in these tissues after suitable treatment, ashing and processing, by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The concentrations of Sb v time profile in blood showed a linear rapid decline with elimination half life [t 1/2] of 1.7 h. The concentration of drug [micro g/gm] declined in a biphasic manner from almost all tissues. However, the concentrations of Sb v were declined in slower fashion from the hamster tissues than from the blood. The maximum concentration of Sb v was determined in the kidney tissues [3416 +/- 631 micro g/gm] while the lowest concentration was in the spleen [209 +/- 187 micro g/gm]. The maximum concentration of Sb v in the kidney [micro g/gm] was more than 25 fold higher than that measured from blood [micro g/ml]. The AUC of Sb v in the studied tissues was in this rank: kidney> liver> skin> spleen > heart > blood. Surprisingly, the heart, spleen and liver showed a similar t 1/2 of 5.2-6.2 h while the kidney and skin had a t 1/2 of about 3 h. Therefore, disposition of Sb v seems to kinetically follow multicompartmental model. The kidneys got the highest concentration of drug which may lead to nephrotoxicity on long term therapy

Malignant hypopharngeal tumors: epidemiological study from the north of Iraq

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the epidemiology of malignant hypopharyngeal tumors in the northern provinces of Iraq. A retrospective study was conducted involving patients with malignant hypopharyngeal tumors that were classified according to the TNM staging system. The data were collected through reviewing the files of patients over 10 years. These patients were treated in the Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Hospital, Mosul, Iraq for the period from January 1991 to December 2000. The parameters analyzed included age, sex, tumor site, stage and histopathology of the lesion. The study included 44 patients with malignant hypopharyngeal tumors [28 males and 16 females; M: F= 1.7:1]. The average age was 52.3 years with a range of 28 to 80 years. Malignant hypopharyngeal tumors constituted 0.36% and 2.57% of all body and head and neck tumors respectively. The average age of the patients was 52.3 years. The peak age incidence was in the 4th decade of life in women and in the 6th decade in men. The pyriform fossa was more involved than other regions comprising 59% whereas the postcricoid and posterior pharyngeal wall were 36% and 5% respectively. Histological examination revealed that all hypopharyngeal tumors were squamous cell carcinoma. Overall, the incidence of nodal metastases at presentation was 36%. Malignant hypopharyngeal tumors are rare tumors in the north of Iraq occurring most often in men. The incidence of nodal metastases significantly increased with pyriform fossa tumors and with poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma